A More Powerful Sorcerer: Conversion, Capital and Haitian Transnational Migration
Two decades of fieldwork in Leogane and in the Haitian settlements of Palm Beach County anchor Richman's account of why migrants leave the lwa for evangelical churches. In the countryside, spirits inherited along with family land afflict the heirs who neglect them, and the costly feeding ceremonies that answer the affliction are themselves recent, built up from the 1940s around initiated priests and paid for with wages sent home. Conversion cuts the migrant loose from those claims. Richman then shows what the churches supply instead: services that move from collective weeping to hymns of private strength, sermons promising sudden windfalls, and a social world of one-to-one favours rather than organised mutual aid. Money that multiplies by itself is what Haitians attribute to a purchased pwen, which is why the trickster spirit Gede, arriving in a servitor at an All Souls ceremony, put on spectacles, took up a Bible and preached obscenity as a pastor.
Richman, K. E. (2008). A More Powerful Sorcerer: Conversion, Capital and Haitian Transnational Migration. New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids, 81(1 & 2).