Lachance weighs what contemporaries predicted the Saint-Domingue refugees would do to New Orleans against what can be shown they did. Roughly 10,000 people arrived from Cuba between May 1809 and early 1810, in nearly equal numbers of whites, free people of colour and slaves, at a moment when the city held barely more inhabitants than that. Counting entries in the marriage and funeral registers of St Louis Cathedral and the Ursuline chapel, and applying an index of homogamy that controls for lopsided sex ratios, he tracks how fast refugees stopped marrying one another. Whites were the most inward-looking French-speaking group in the 1800s and the least by the 1830s; among free people of colour the same turn came a decade later. The migration enlarged every caste and occupation without shifting their proportions, and steady immigration from France mattered more than it did to the long survival of French New Orleans.