Issued separately in the four-volume paperback, this part gathers the chapters on the central Islamic lands since the First World War. P. M. Holt's general introduction sets the terms: Islam is treated as a cultural synthesis with a political life attached from the outset, and Holt argues that adherence to the Holy Law rather than assent to creeds has been the usual token of belonging, which left the community more tolerant of variant belief and inclined to repress dissent chiefly when it surfaced as political subversion. Kemal Karpat's chapter on Turkey follows the collapse of the Ottoman order after Mudros, reading the associations for the defence of rights as middle-class bodies of notables, ulema, landlords and merchants through which Mustafa Kemal organised resistance. E. N. Zeine's chapter on the Arab lands traces nationalist hopes of 1918 turning to anger as the partition agreements became known, and Faysal's brief Damascus government.