Dupuy reconstructs the colonial class structure of Saint-Domingue before asking what the revolution actually settled. Free people of colour, he notes, owned up to a third of productive property and a quarter of the colony's slaves, which places them among the propertied, while racial hierarchy cut across the class order and held whites together despite their own bitter divisions. That double structure organises his reading of the war. Louverture and Dessalines both spoke for a propertied group forming out of the officer corps and the seized plantations; their quarrel turned on ties to France and the future of the plantation system, while the labourers' interests lay outside it. Dupuy therefore reworks C. L. R. James's verdict that Louverture misjudged the race question, arguing that Louverture's conduct followed from his class project. Slavery and white supremacy were destroyed. Class rule survived, and colour distinctions took over the ideological work that race had done, in Haiti and across the Caribbean.