A second treaty carries the line of partition into the Pacific

In 1494 the pope divided the earth between Castile and Portugal and handed them the trans-Atlantic sphere. A second agreement, which this account dates to 1542 and which is usually dated 1529, ran the same operation through the Pacific and produced the Indias Orientales, the eastern Indies, as a legal category standing beside the Indias Occidentales that contained South America, Mexico and the Caribbean. The division that organised the modern world therefore ran west to east. Everything later called the Orient begins here, as a line drawn by two Iberian crowns across water most of which nobody involved had sailed. Orientalism as a body of scholarship arrived two centuries afterward, once the lines of possession were fixed and the theological division had gone secular. The Caribbean islands entered European law in the same act, as one half of a planet assigned to owners who had not yet seen it.

Lebna Dengel had smuggled a Portuguese named John Bermudez out of Ethiopia in 1535 to beg for help. It came in 1541, when four hundred Portuguese with cannon landed at Massawa under Cristovao da Gama. The Queen Mother Sabla Wangel joined them from Dabra Damo. Ahmed Gran called in eight hundred Turks with artillery, overwhelmed the small force, and had da Gama beheaded in front of the displayed heads of a hundred and sixty of his men. Gran then dismissed his Turkish allies and went home to his camp near Lake Tana. Sabla Wangel, who had bandaged the wounded during the fighting, escaped with the Portuguese survivors and reached her son Galawdewos. They rearmed from a store da Gama had left behind, gathered thousands of Ethiopians, and attacked on 21 February 1543 at Woguera. A matchlock ball killed Gran and his army scattered. The Muslim kingdom he had built collapsed with him.

Mocombe opens his historical chapter with Columbus claiming the island for Spain and the Spanish exploiting its gold mines with Taino labour. He puts the pre-contact Taino population at between three and four million and states that after fifty years of Spanish rule they had been destroyed by the hardship of enslavement, organised massacres and imported disease. He calls this one of the most brutal exterminations on record. The mechanism he then traces is the substitution that followed. A Spanish priest protested against the massacre of the indigenous population and demanded an end to the injustices against them, and advocated importing Africans to work the mines and plantations as a way of ending Indian slavery on the island. Mocombe treats the two populations as directly linked by that argument rather than as separate chapters. Where this account departs from the standard one: Mocombe adopts a pre-contact Taino population of three to four million, at the very top of a range where most current estimates for Hispaniola are far lower.

The Lisbon Inquisition set up its commissioner's office in Salvador in 1549. Every case from the Portuguese empire was handled from the metropole, unlike the Spanish system with its regional tribunals at Lima and Cartagena. Anyone wishing to denounce a neighbour went to the commissioner, who investigated and sent his findings across the Atlantic. If Lisbon declined to prosecute, and it usually did, the report was copied into the prosecutor's notebooks, a standing record of the cases that went nowhere. The inquisitors cared about judaizing and heresy. Of the 143 Bahian cases that reached full trial between 1593 and 1687, not one concerned sorcery or anything close to it, and only two involved people of African descent at all. Denunciations of African healers existed in the notebooks well before that date. The gap between what colonists reported and what Lisbon would try is why the archive has the shape it has.