Buccaneers from Tortuga build Cap Francois in the Indian style

About 1670 buccaneers crossed from the island of Tortuga and founded the settlement on the northern coast of Hispaniola that became Cap Francois and is now Cap-Haitien. They had been trading with the Spanish towns of the north since the middle of the previous century. The houses they put up were rectangular and built by a method the French called the Indian style: forked posts driven straight into the earth, carrying the plates and the ridge, with walls of wattle or of split palm bark and roofs of thatch. Almost everything in the town was made of plant material. When Pere Labat passed through in 1701 he found a place laid out on a rectangular grid holding about three hundred houses. The city that a century later would be the richest in the Caribbean, with its theatre, its printing presses and its learned societies, began as a row of earthfast huts thrown up by men who lived off raiding.

After Ambuila the Portuguese moved to crush Soyo, the coastal province that had grown rich on direct trade through the port of Pinda and had been drifting away from the Kongo crown for a generation. A Portuguese army beat the Soyo forces in 1670 and killed their prince. Soyo regrouped and destroyed that army in a surprise attack on 18 October, the feast of St Luke. Nobody threatened Soyo like that again. St Luke's Day became a national festival of deliverance with processions and war dances, and the church took a full part in it. Soyo was also the one place in the whole country with an almost unbroken Capuchin presence from 1645 into the eighteenth century, and it developed something like a settled Christianity, with eight churches in its capital, lay brotherhoods whose membership was near compulsory for high office, and princes who could read and write Portuguese.

English settlers and enslaved Africans from Barbados were among the first people to settle South Carolina in 1670. The English brought decades of experience in producing lucrative staple crops through the enslavement of human beings, and they brought the system entire. That is the mechanism by which Caribbean slavery arrived on the North American mainland fully formed. The slave societies that grew on both sides of the water shared a high ratio of Africans to Europeans, and in both, people of mixed descent occupied a legal status that varied by place and period. The link between the Caribbean and the British colonies of North America, and then the United States, has run for roughly four hundred years, through slavery, emancipation, independence and migration, and it has made for uneasy social bonds the whole time. It began with planters who already knew exactly what they were doing.

The first women in the French part of Saint-Domingue were enslaved Africans taken from the coast of Guinea, whose names no historian recorded and who were protected by no law at all. The buccaneers and freebooters who held the coast had few women among them. Under Bertrand d'Ogeron, the first governor of the French part of the island, those men settled down and began asking for wives. Around 1670, the period when Cap Francais was founded, girls were recruited in France, particularly from houses of correction and prisons, and shipped to a new destiny across the Atlantic. Their daughters and granddaughters turned into a hard creole population, quick to defend the colony's interests against the Compagnie des Indes, which held the official management of Saint-Domingue's affairs. Within two generations the colony that began as a pirate camp had a settled population with property, grievances and a taste for argument with Paris.