Buytrago performs his first exorcism in Salvador with Angolan bark

Sailing home from Angola, Francisco Buytrago stopped at Salvador in Bahia and stayed with a relative. He found many people there, free and enslaved, described as sick of charms, with drawn out illnesses of three or four years and no prospect of recovery. His relative owned an enslaved woman who was dying, her body swollen and her pulse sluggish, and those around her believed she had been afflicted deliberately. Buytrago had nkasa bark with him from Angola. He used it, in 1729, in what he called his first exorcism, and it was judged successful enough that others came to him. He sold some of the bark and performed at least ten more treatments before he left. In the decade before that day more than 82,000 Africans had landed in Bahia, about 30 per cent of them from West Central Africa. Some of the people in that room may well have known the bark by its Kikongo name.

In 1729 the king of Whydah retook his kingdom while Agaja was busy fighting off an invasion from Oyo, the large Yoruba empire to the east. Agaja had lost many men. William Snelgrave, an English slave trader who knew the coast, recorded what he did about it. Agaja had a great number of women armed like soldiers, gave them officers, flags, drums and umbrellas, and put them in the rear of his line of march where they would be seen. The Whydah forces had heard that Dahomey was short of men and were surprised by the size of the army facing them. Part of the Whydah army broke and ran, along with allies from Popo, and Dahomey won. Snelgrave gives no hint that the women fought. They were not disbanded afterwards, and many later writers, reading the episode from a century or two away, credited Agaja with founding a women's army corps.

The earliest surviving poison case in the records of the Suriname court dates from 1731 and turns on a calabash. Inside it were pieces of a red stone and a bird's beak. Several enslaved people reported having seen the practitioner who owned it near the graves of the dead and using the calabash to pray to leaves behind his house. Isaac did not deny owning it or using its contents. He said it served medical purposes and that he had never used it to cause harm. Objects of this kind worked as compositions rather than as single ingredients, and their power lay in the assembly and in the words and gestures that activated them. Another Suriname case turned on a small stick packed with herbs and tied up with what may have been cowrie shells. Court volumes survive from 1722 onward with gaps, so earlier trials may have existed and been lost.

James Papaw was set free in Virginia in 1729 by order of the governor and his council, the reward for disclosing what he knew about curing yaws. The condition attached to that freedom is the striking part. He was required to go on working for the government until he disclosed some other secrets he was said to hold, for expelling poison and for curing other diseases. Rewards of this kind were not unusual in the British colonies of North America. An enslaved man named Caesar in South Carolina was freed in 1749 for sharing what he knew about curing snakebite, and almanacs and recipe books reprinted his remedy for the rest of the century. The same secrecy that made such knowledge valuable made it frightening. A runaway advertisement of 1745 described a middle aged African man with the marks of his country on his face as a cunning, subtle fellow who pretended to be a doctor and had a great acquaintance.