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A marriage is agreed on condition that Jacmel be fed

1800 · year only · Pre-Revolutionary

The 1800sThe Great Reclamation1 source
1800 · Pre-Revolutionaryyear only

A marriage is agreed on condition that Jacmel be fed

Claire Heureuse would marry Dessalines if he let her carry food into the town he was besieging.

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In 1800 Dessalines was besieging Jacmel and wanted to marry Marie-Claire Heureuse Bonheur of Leogane. She set a condition on her consent. She was to be allowed to relieve the people trapped inside the town, the children, the old and the starving. Inside Jacmel the population was queuing at Petion's headquarters for a piece of cassava and eating roadside grass, dead horses, rats and shoe leather. Dessalines agreed. Two days later a column of women and girls left Leogane with mules loaded with provisions, medicines and dressings, and halted at the barricades of stakes and packed earth. Petion, at that moment Dessalines's bitterest opponent, had been warned and accepted the offer, and the column was let through. Claire Heureuse lit fires under improvised tripods, peeled vegetables, cooked, opened the medicine cases and dressed wounds, in the white dress she wore for the rest of her life.

Marie-Claire Heureuse DessalinesJean-Jacques DessalinesAlexandre Petion JacmelLeogane
Where this comes from Ligue Féminine d'Action Sociale (1954). Femmes haïtiennes. pp. 44, 45.
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Meanwhile, and next door

1798 to 1802 · Haitianspan

Toussaint refuses to sew Bonaparte's promise onto his flags

Ordered to inscribe that only France guarantees black freedom, Louverture quietly declines.

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During the years Louverture governed Saint-Domingue, Bonaparte instructed him to have regimental flags inscribed with a formula crediting the French people alone with recognising the freedom and equal rights of black soldiers. Girard records that Louverture never carried the order out. The reasoning he attributes to Louverture is precise and cynical. If the troops were told in stitched letters that their liberty came from Paris, they would look to Paris rather than to their own commander, and they would also stop worrying about what France might do next. Leaving the flags blank kept the black majority uncertain about French intentions, and that uncertainty was politically useful to him. The episode supports Girard's larger claim that the tricolor had become the emblem of the one European power that had abolished slavery, which is why the rebels of 1802 and 1803 built their own banners out of it rather than out of British, Spanish or American models.

Napoleon BonaparteToussaint Louverture Saint-Domingue
Where this comes from Source not recorded for this entry.
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23 December 1799 · Caribbean

Jamaica hangs Sasportas three days before his rising was to begin

The execution was staged for maximum publicity, and the invasion it was meant to deter never sailed.

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Sasportas was taken from his cell, marched in irons around the parade square at Kingston wearing placards naming him a spy in English and in French, and hanged from a very tall scaffold under a sentence requiring the whole business be as public and shaming as possible. A military court had convicted him on the sixteenth and seventeenth of December after Dubuisson turned and blamed him. His own defence, that he was a Spanish national in town to buy a boat, could not survive evidence the court held secretly from Louverture. Girard notes what the calendar was supposed to hold instead. Sasportas was to poison the governor's coffee on 26 December, at the height of the Christmas holiday when the island was least governable, proclaim emancipation, and hold on until a French fleet arrived on 6 January. Balcarres declared martial law and the expedition was abandoned. Corroborated by 2 works in the library. Where this account departs from the standard one: Girard holds that Louverture personally exposed the Jamaica expedition; Haitian nineteenth-century historians thought he had sent the agents, and C. L. R. James attributed the plan to Rigaud and never mentioned Louverture's opposition.

Barthelemy DubuissonEarl of BalcarresEdward StevensIsaac SasportasMartial BesseToussaint Louverture JamaicaKingston
Where this comes from Source not recorded for this entry.
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1800 to 1801 · Pre-Revolutionaryspan

The governor's own sugar estate cannot pay its manager

Manquets produced 6,519 gourdes of sugar in one year and 13,349 the next, with workers pressing for wages.

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Toussaint's most notable acquisition during the revolution was a lease on the Manquets plantation, among the largest sugar works in the colony in the seventeen eighties and the prize possession of the comte de Noé. Management records surviving in Philadelphia show what it actually produced. Output was worth 6,519 gourdes in the first of these years and 13,349 in the second, a small return once a quarter of the crop went to the workers, who were no longer slaves, and after an outlay of 4,143 gourdes to rebuild the water mill. The manager was owed years of arrears and complained that the labourers pressed him constantly about their pay. When Toussaint was deported in June 1802 a detailed French audit found his other estates equally unproductive. The authors conclude that sugar on his own land was nowhere near prerevolutionary levels and that the long decline had already begun. Where this account departs from the standard one: Toussaint claimed the colony under his government was more prosperous than before the revolution; his own plantation accounts contradict him.

Louis-Pantaleon de NoeToussaint Louverture ManquetsPlaine-du-Nord
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