Petion's supplies to Bolivar help end slavery in South America

Weighing the international results, Geggus calls the logistical assistance that President Petion gave Bolivar in 1816 an important contribution to ending both slavery and colonial rule in northern South America. The effects ran the other way as well. Fear of the Haitian example held back Cuban desires for independence throughout the nineteenth century, and Bolivar himself long treated Haiti as a thing to avoid or a direct threat, only praising its stability in old age when he had grown more authoritarian. Geggus doubts that fear of slave revolt did much to advance abolition, but he grants that by destroying French commercial rivalry the revolution made it easier for British legislators to give up the slave trade in 1807. In great power terms, the loss of the colony ended France's standing as a colonial power, and by 1811 it had lost all its colonies.

Garcia V was king of the Kongo from 1803 to 1830 and wanted a priest for the same reason his predecessors had, to perform the coronation and bless his marriage and so confirm his authority. He waited eleven years. In 1814 Luigi-Maria d'Assisi, the Capuchin prefect at Loanda, managed to spend eight months in the country, baptised twenty five thousand people, heard five thousand confessions, and on 17 March crowned and married Garcia and Queen Isabella. There had been no priest at Sao Salvador for twenty years. The delighted king wrote to his brother the King of Portugal, as Afonso I had learned to do three centuries earlier, and suggested the Pope make Luigi-Maria a cardinal. Garcia had sent a nephew to be educated in Loanda in 1803 and a son in 1809, insisting he must have a priest in the family; that son, Dom Pedro, was ordained in 1824.

Mina had reached Galveston in November after fog, contrary winds and an outbreak of yellow fever that killed fourteen men, stayed there until April reorganising what was left of the expedition, and resisted attempts to divert it to New Granada. He sailed on the seventh and landed eleven days later near Tampico. No time was lost in setting up a printing press to turn out proclamations for distribution through the country. His plan was to march to the best defended rebel strongholds, win the support of their fighting men, and take an army of perhaps ten thousand against the crown's forces at Mexico City. In early June he sent word to Sutherland in Haiti that the march inland had begun, and by July he had taken more than seven hundred prisoners and pushed deep into royalist territory.

When the monarchy was restored in France in 1815, the gains made during the Revolution were reversed for almost everybody. The peasantry was the exception. What the countryside had seized or bought stayed in its hands, which is why some historians describe the French Revolution as the first successful peasant revolution of modern times. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie pushes the reading further. Peasants in the last years of the old regime were attacking the enclosers, the drainers and the improvers, so their revolt was aimed at capitalism rather than at feudalism, and where no improving landlord had appeared, as in Brittany, the peasants stayed quiet. Volker Hunecke makes a parallel case for the towns, where the end of controlled bread prices produced a defensive fury against free trade. A revolution described for a century as the arrival of a new economic order had its most durable effect in slowing that order down.