Three states in the Pangani valley come apart

In the late nineteenth century the slave trades reached far enough inland in East Africa to break up the Shambaa kingdom, the Gweno kingdom and the Pare states in the Pangani valley. This was two generations after Britain outlawed its own Atlantic traffic and while abolition was being celebrated in Europe. The Indian Ocean and Red Sea trades were still running. What happened in the valley followed a pattern seen across the continent. Raiding between neighbouring communities made weapons necessary for self defence, weapons came from traders in exchange for captives, and the need for captives drove further raiding. Historians call the loop the gun slave cycle. Its political result was the collapse of existing government and its replacement by armed bands, together with the corruption of the courts, since a community could meet a tribute demand by convicting its own members and selling them.

Between 1868 and 1877 descendants of the refugees who had left Saint Domingue held elected office across the American South. F. H. Fyall sat in the Georgia House in 1868. George L. Fayerman sat in the Virginia House from 1869 to 1871. Robert C. DeLarge and Alonzo J. Ransier both sat in the South Carolina House from 1868 to 1870 and then went to the United States House of Representatives, DeLarge from 1871 to 1873 and Ransier from 1873 to 1875. Felix C. Antoine sat in the Louisiana House and Cesar C. Antoine in the Louisiana Senate, both from 1868 to 1872. Cesar Antoine then served as lieutenant governor of Louisiana from 1872 to 1876 and Richard H. Gleaves as lieutenant governor of South Carolina from 1872 to 1877. The generation that lost these seats is the one that organised the challenge to segregation in New Orleans.

The civil war of 1868 split Haiti into three states. Pauline Brice, sister of General Broussais Brice, stayed alone in Port-au-Prince when the rest of her family followed the general into the Grande-Anse to join the rising. President Sylvain Salnave had her put in prison, where she became friends with Madame Nord Alexis, held as a hostage for the same reason, her husband being one of the more prominent insurgents of the North. Influential friends got Pauline Brice released. She immediately set about getting the other woman out, working through a jailer's son she had won over during her short stay. On the night of the escape she came in person to the courtyard of the masonic lodge next to the prison to collect Madame Nord Alexis and take her to a foreign legation. Ordered arrested again, she swapped clothes with her servant and walked past the guards to the French consulate.

Through 1869 and 1870 the United States kept a naval station in Samana Bay, on the northeast coast of Hispaniola, at a rent of thirty thousand pounds a year. In 1872 the peninsula and the bay were conceded outright to an American company, which began operating at once. Santa Barbara de Samana was declared a free port. A commercial agent with quasi consular powers was appointed. The American flag went up. The three islets that command the entrance to the bay, Pascal, Levantado and Arena, were leased by the company to the United States government for a naval and coaling station. The bay is about twenty six miles long and nine across, screened by a coral reef that works as a breakwater, with a deep channel inside and side harbours on both shores. The company existed for profitable speculation, the profit did not appear, the enterprise fell through, and it left no visible trace.