Charlemagne Peralte enters the record marching for the government

Antoine Simon crammed soldiers onto a German merchant ship and onto the warship Nord Alexis, whose name nobody had thought to change, and steamed for Gonaives to put down Leconte's rising. He led the march north himself while Joseph Jeremie crossed the mountains to Hinche and pushed into Caco country through Cerca-la-Source, Mont Organise and Valliere. Leconte took shelter in the German consulate at Cap-Haitien. The government suddenly recovered its memory of the Consolidation fraud of 1904 and issued a warrant for him as a fugitive, and the Germans refused to give him up. Simon took Fort Liberte on 7 February and let his troops loot and kill across the north, in the same week that fire swept his own Les Cayes. Jeremie burned nothing, which earned him standing with the Zamors and with the Peralte family of Hinche. One of the young Peraltes, Charlemagne, marched in his column. Eight years later Charlemagne Peralte was leading the armed resistance to the American occupation, and the Marines shot him and photographed the body.

The Ku Klux Klan was refounded at Stone Mountain in Georgia in 1915, with the full Reconstruction era costume and cars instead of horses. It aimed its hatred at Jewish and Catholic immigrants as much as at black Americans, and by the early 1920s it claimed about five million members and controlled the politics of Indiana and Oregon for a time. That sentiment became law in 1924, when Congress cut immigration to a trickle and closed the era of nearly unrestricted entry to the United States. The ethnic neighbourhoods that had grown for a generation stopped growing from abroad and began to settle. Kennedy adds the consequence nobody could see at the time, which is that the door was shut in advance against people who would try to escape Nazi Germany in the following decade. The Haitian communities of New York and Boston grew up under the same quota system.

Refusal took many shapes. In the French territories young men crossed borders and waited in hiding until the recruiting sergeants had moved on, the same evasion they used against tax collectors and labour levies. Revolts that looked like protests against conscription carried grievances that had been building since the 1890s. Armed resistance broke out against the British in Nigeria and against the French in Dahomey. In Mozambique the Barwe rose in 1917 against Portuguese rule. The Ottoman empire joined Germany late in 1914 and called for a jihad across the colonial world, which never came. The Sanusiyya, supplied with German and Ottoman money and weapons, beat the Italians in Libya early in 1915 and attacked the British in Egypt. Britain answered by declaring a protectorate over Egypt, crushing nationalist activity there, and taking the sultanate of Darfur in 1916. In Nyasaland in 1915 the preacher John Chilembwe led a short and fierce insurrection, driven in part by the scale of conscription and the number of local men killed fighting the Germans.

Madeleine Sylvain-Bouchereau was born in Port-au-Prince on 5 July 1905 into a family already at the centre of national politics. Her parents, Eugenie and Georges Sylvain, led the Union Patriotique, the organisation that fought the American occupation. She was ten years old when the marines landed. She trained at the Bryn Mawr school of social work outside Philadelphia and became the first president of the Ligue Feminine d'Action Sociale, and in 1941, seven years after the last Americans left, she set down what the occupation had done to women. Her book Haiti et ses femmes appeared in 1951, two hundred and fifty pages running from the Ayiti of before Columbus to her own decade, built out of surveys, ethnography and the research of her colleagues, whom she cited more often than anyone else. Her claim was that Haitian women had never organised for their own rights before the invasion and that the invasion produced the movement. Maud Desvarieux of the same league recorded the other half. The occupation demoralised people, and plenty of women got no renaissance out of it.