Early 1800s to 1911 · Africanspan

The Sahara slave trade outlived the Atlantic one by a century

Tripoli, the Fezzan and the Sanusi order kept caravans running to Bornu long after abolition.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

Early 1800s to 1912 · Africanspan

Morocco borrowed from Britain to pay Spain and lost its independence

An indemnity in 1860, a British loan to cover it, and by 1912 a partition between Paris and Madrid.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

1800 · Pre-Revolutionaryyear only

A woman called Raimonde describes being sold across the border

Her account of the mule, the iron bar and the lock survives because someone questioned her.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

1800 · Haitianyear only

A widow from Leogane talks her way into a starving town

She asked the besieging general for permission and came back with mules and medicine.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

1800 · Pre-Revolutionaryyear only

A marriage is agreed on condition that Jacmel be fed

Claire Heureuse would marry Dessalines if he let her carry food into the town he was besieging.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

1800 · Diasporayear only

A new member of the abolition society advertises for a runaway

January brought the certificate. October brought thirty dollars for a boy of seventeen.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

11 March 1800 · Pre-Revolutionary

Jacmel falls after siege guns are dragged over the mountains

Toussaint writes to President Adams to close the harbour and starve the town.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

27 April 1800 · Caribbean

Toussaint extracts an order from Roume to take the Spanish side

The Basel cession is activated five years late, at the moment that suits Toussaint.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

1800 · Haitianyear only

Petion defends Jacmel, then studies ballistics in France

A defeated officer of the southern war turns his exile into technical training.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

1800 to 1801 · Pre-Revolutionaryspan

The governor's own sugar estate cannot pay its manager

Manquets produced 6,519 gourdes of sugar in one year and 13,349 the next, with workers pressing for wages.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

1800 · Caribbeanyear only

Gabriel's Richmond plot answered French abolition, not Haiti2 sources

Contemporary sources show the conspirators discussing France, and never Saint-Domingue.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

1800 · Haitianyear only

Louverture's generals become landlords of the estates they policed

Military command over the plantations converts into de facto ownership of them.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

July 1800 · Pre-Revolutionarymonth known

Louverture's own godfather cannot pay the workers on his sugar estate

The manager at Hericourt writes that he needs cash and has gone unpaid for thirty-one months.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

September 1800 · Caribbeanmonth known

Guadeloupe troops besiege Willemstad and Lauffer calls in Britain

Alexandre Pétion was among the officers; the Dutch answer was a British frigate.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

September 1800 · Pre-Revolutionarymonth known

France and America settle at Mortefontaine and clear a supply line

Talleyrand ends the Quasi-War, but American merchants still prefer Louverture.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

the second half of 1800 · Haitianseason

Officers seizing abandoned estates become a Black owning class2 sources

Dupuy's correction to James: Louverture led a new proprietor class rather than standing above one.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

12 October 1800 · Pre-Revolutionary

Field workers are tied to the estates and export crops subsidised

The agricultural regulations pay planters to grow for export and bar labourers from leaving.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

12 October 1800 · Haitian

Toussaint's cultivation code binds labour to a military state

Estates are held by generals, workers are bound to the soil, and land deals under 165 acres are banned.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

October 1800 · Caribbeanmonth known

A secret treaty hands Louisiana back to France as a granary for Haiti

San Ildefonso was meant to feed the sugar islands, not to threaten the United States.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

October 1800 · Haitianmonth known

Toussaint tells Moyse he has beaten three nations and will fight

In private with his adopted nephew, the governor states his terms plainly.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

12 December 1800 · Pre-Revolutionary

Plantation taxes vanish and the customs house becomes the treasury2 sources

Louverture drops estate taxes and shifts revenue onto goods crossing the ports.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page

December 1800 · Haitianmonth known

With no rival left, Toussaint invades the Spanish side of the island

He had already exiled the French agents, crushed Rigaud and executed his own nephew.

›Read the full entryClose

Opening… read it as its own page