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Istwa Nou

We Haitians have always known who we are and where we are going. Every generation sets out for it, and in every generation something interrupts our journey, our walk. Sometimes it comes from outside. Sometimes it comes from among us. Those interruptions are in this chronology because they happened; they're not who we are. We have never been defined by those off-road moments; and we have never internalized them.

We keep marching.

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The 1900s

1 entry · 1 year recorded Sezisman

1915

1 entry
1915 to 1934 · Haitianspan

Caco generals crossed the north dressed as market women

Petit Severe moved seven burro loads of rifles past the Americans in a woman's dress.

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Haitian men avoided the main roads to escape the labour draft. Women could not, because they were the market sellers, the caregivers, the landowners, the shopkeepers and the domestic servants whose work required travel. American records and Marine photograph albums are full of pictures captioned as the typical country woman on a burro. Some men used that familiarity for cover. The Caco general Theophil toured the north recruiting while dressed as a market woman, travelling with a burro. General Petit Severe, wanted by the authorities in Cap-Haïtien, came and went from the town as he pleased in the same disguise, moving seven burro loads of rifles across the Dominican border. The performance made attacks on American officers possible. Visibility cut the other way as well, and girls and women travelled in groups for safety. Madame Benoît, wife of the Caco leader, went regularly to Mirebalais, Lascahobas and Port-au-Prince for supplies in the company of other market women, riding a bay mule and carrying a revolver under her dress.

TheophilPetit SevereMadame BenoîtCacos Cap-HaïtienMirebalaisLascahobasPort-au-Prince
Where this comes from Johnson, G. S. (2023). White gloves, Black nation. University of North Carolina Press.HT-WGBN-000077HT-WGBN-000078

A code like HT-WIB-000044 is a bates number. It marks one page of our stamped scan of the book, so the same page can be found again by anyone working from the same copy. Open one to see every entry drawn from that page.

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