A thousand economists ask Hoover to veto the tariff and he signs it

The Fordney McCumber Act of 1922 had already set American import duties at prohibitive levels, and both parties promised more in 1928. Hoover wanted higher duties on farm imports and a tariff commission with power to adjust rates by half, which he thought would take the tariff out of congressional bargaining. What Congress produced was the Hawley Smoot Tariff of 1930, raising duties to the highest levels in American history. One thousand economists signed a petition asking for a veto. Thomas Lamont of J. P. Morgan said he had almost gone down on his knees to beg the president to reject it, and that the act sharpened nationalism everywhere. Hoover signed it in June 1930. Walter Lippmann wrote that the president had surrendered everything and got nothing. For countries that lived by selling coffee, sugar and other commodities into the American market, the door had just narrowed.

Roy cleared out the Borno administration and appointed ministers the American charge described as black Haitians with long anti-American records. The campaign ran all summer on rum, cockfights and bamboche, and hardly anyone voted, since six people in a hundred could read or speak French. Everyone stood against the occupation, so the real contest was the one running since 1804, between light-skinned Liberals and black Nationalists. The Nationalists took the chambers in a landslide on 14 October. The defeated elite, who had spent decades stirring exactly this feeling for their own purposes, were astonished, and two of them told the American legation that Haiti would collapse back into 1915 as soon as the marines sailed. On 18 November, at the fourth ballot, Sthenio Vincent beat Pradel and Jean Price-Mars, and the lightest-skinned man in the chamber thereby preserved elite control. The new legislators voted themselves a hundred dollars a month backdated a year, then declared the 1915 treaty void, which everyone ignored. Vincent called his cabinet a ministry of combat.

Dahomean society was organised into patrilineal sibs, each with a founder who was often an animal, a set of food taboos built around that founder, and a head who ruled through his access to the group's dead. Herskovits collected the names and origin stories of thirty seven of them in 1931 and thought the list incomplete. He wrote that no other part of Dahomean life met such resistance, including his questions about human sacrifice at the royal court. The information came only near the end of the stay, once his Dahomean friends had decided they could trust him, and it came at all because he could name deities his informants recognised from earlier fieldwork among the descendants of runaways in Dutch Guiana. The royal sib was called children of the panther, people of Allada, and its members were forbidden the meat of any spotted animal.

Hoover's social scientists reported that infant mortality among black Americans in 1930 was nearly double the white rate, ten per cent against six, and that black life expectancy was fifteen years shorter, forty five years against sixty. Fewer than five per cent of eligible African Americans in the eleven states of the former Confederacy were registered to vote as late as 1940. Separate waiting rooms, separate drinking fountains, separate churches and deliberately inferior schools were the ordinary furniture of life, and the few industrial jobs in the South were closed to black workers. C. Vann Woodward called the arrangement an anthropological museum of southern folkways and dated its perfection to the 1930s. The historian Ulrich Phillips wrote in 1928 that white southerners shared one settled resolve, that the region should remain a white man's country. This is the United States that occupied Haiti until 1934.