1919 · Haitianyear only

Péralte declares a provisional government and claims the North

His programme demanded national institutions back and Haitian resources returned to Haitians.

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1919 to 1920 · Haitianspan

The president of Haiti cannot draw his own salary for three months

McIlhenny held the pay vouchers until eleven laws were repealed and four more were passed.

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January 1919 to 12 October 1920 · Haitianspan

Catlin rides to Hinche and finds the corvée running and prisoners shot

Wells had told his officers he did not want to hear about prisoners, and nobody was tried.

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1919 · Africanyear only

Germany's African colonies are shared out and called a trust

Togo and Cameroon split, Tanganyika to Britain, Rwanda and Burundi to Belgium, and a new word.

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1919 to 1921 · Haitianspan

Both sides ran their intelligence through the women on the roads

Cacos promised to kill guides who showed the marines the way, and many guides were women.

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1919 to 1934 · Haitianspan

Market women withhold their compliance and the occupation feels it

Yveline Alexis found women answering armed interrogation with silence and feigned ignorance.

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1919 · Diasporayear only

Thirty thousand black workers are recruited to break a steel strike

U.S. Steel used the racial divide the unions had built, and the strike collapsed.

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March 1919 · Haitianmonth known

The new financial adviser is planning a plantation company with Roosevelt

McIlhenny spoke no French, had toured Haiti with Roosevelt in 1917, and now held the purse.

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April to 6 October 1919 · Haitianspan

Péralte writes to a British chargé from the hills above the capital

He asked for a manbo's neuvaine, an Englishman's audience with George V, and Bobo's return.

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12 April 1919 · Haitian

Four women are arrested twice in one day for selling without a licence

The report that followed brought charges against the gendarme who had let them go.

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12 April 1919 · Haitian

The gendarmerie was Haitian men trained to fight Haitians

Recruited from the peasantry, housed in barracks, taught to read and to work artillery.

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28 June 1919 · Diaspora

Versailles sends Germany a bill for thirty three billion dollars

Keynes counted three lethal flaws in the treaty and one of them was the guilt clause.

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1919 · Diasporayear only

A Trinidad schoolmaster stages Shakespeare in a Port of Spain cinema

James takes drama into the classroom and produces Othello with his own students.

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1919 · Haitianyear only

A protocol binds Haiti's revenues past the treaty's expiry

Pledged revenues stay under American collection for the whole life of the bonds, not to 1936.

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1919 · Haitianyear only

Two marines in blackface enter Peralte's camp and kill him

His body was spread on a door and shown at Cap-Haitien, an image Catholics read as a crucifixion.

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1919 · Haitianyear only

Haitians turn up at Versailles as Wilson defends small nations

The most embarrassing challenge to the occupation was staged where the peace was being written.

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15 July 1919 · Haitian

A sister writes to warn Péralte that the new bridge is a trap

The improvements the occupation counted were also the places where his men would be killed.

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18 July 1919 · Haitian

By order, the cacos stop being cacos and become bandits

Gendarmerie headquarters rewrites the vocabulary of its own official reports.

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August to 26 October 1919 · Haitianspan

A marine fakes a defeat and a wound, and buys himself a Caco general

Conzé deserted to the hills on Hanneken's own money and reported Péralte's movements weekly.

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1 September 1919 · Haitian

A marine rapes a girl on the Gonaïves road and leaves one gourde

Her mother sued for a hundred gourdes on the ground that the girl could no longer get work.

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September 1919 · Haitianmonth known

Dartiguenave deports Lifschitz and creates an occupation critic

Four months in Havana, then New York, then a congressman took up his case.

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7 October 1919 · Haitian

Peralte strikes the capital and writes to Britain the same day

An attack on Port-au-Prince paired with a letter claiming a place in the Haitian elite.

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11 October 1919 · Haitian

A Port-au-Prince editor calls the peasantry the nation's enemy

Printed in one of the republic's two dailies while the Marines were still hunting cacos.

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29 to 31 October 1919 · Haitianspan

Hanneken blacks his face with cork and walks into Péralte's camp

Two .45 slugs through the heart at Masère, and the body went to the Cap on a donkey.

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31 October 1919 · Haitian

Charlemagne Péralte is killed at Masère, and then photographed

Two .45 slugs through the heart, a blue shirt, and a photograph the marines meant as a warning.

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night of 31 October to 1 November 1919 · Haitian

Hanneken enters the camp in blackface and kills Peralte at Nan-Glisse

Michel calls it an assassination by treachery, not a soldier's victory.

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November 1919 · Haitianmonth known

Péralte is given away by his own people and shot in the dark

Nicholls records a betrayal by a family member and a body put on show in the square.

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1 November 1919 · Haitian

The photograph of Péralte's body is circulated as a warning

Boukman's head went on a pike in 1791 and produced exactly the same result: a martyr.

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3 November 1919 · Haitian

Concrete is poured over Peralte's body in a camp at Chabert

Burial without a coffin at three in the morning, sealed against theft or resurrection.

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November 1919 · Haitianmonth known

Peralte is killed in an ambush and armed resistance collapses

With the guerrilla movement broken, the occupation faced no serious challenge until the NAACP arrived.

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