1920 to 1921 · Haitianspan

The elite takes up the pen and calls itself the Union Patriotique

Seligman's article in The Nation came out of a Port-au-Prince membership claiming thirty thousand.

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1920 to 1922 · Haitianspan

Vincent's prison arithmetic gives one jail 28,470 deaths in a year

Heinl checks the figures the Union Patriotique gave the Senate and finds them impossible.

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1920 to 1929 · Haitianspan

A Haitian rifle team ties France at the 1924 Olympic Games

The gendarmerie collected the country's private weapons and sent its best shots to Paris.

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1920s to 1930s · Africanspan

Colonial states wanted taxes, labour and a railway to the coast

Reid puts the head tax first, since it was where most Africans learned that sovereignty was gone.

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1920s to 1930s · Africanspan

African smallholders keep growing the crops the empires sell

Lorries and new roads carried commercial farming into villages the railway had never reached.

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1920s to 1930s · Africanspan

The game parks began as sleeping sickness evacuations

Nyasaland and Tanganyika emptied whole districts, and the empty districts were later fenced.

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1920s to 1930s · Africanspan

Unemployed men in Southern Rhodesia found a church in 1934

Zionist congregations kept polygamy, gave women office, and grew as the Depression bit.

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1920s to 1930s · Africanspan

Miners' contracts lengthen and Africa gets an urban working class

Johannesburg, Lagos, Leopoldville, Nairobi and Salisbury all filled up in the same two decades.

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1920s to 1930s · Africanspan

Igbo women attack the trading companies in the 1929 Women's War

Reid sets the riot beside the Gold Coast cocoa hold-ups as the same argument about price.

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1920s to 1930s · Diasporaspan

Garvey never saw Africa and shaped a generation of its nationalists

Africa for the Africans travelled from Harlem to Dakar and came back as negritude.

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1920s to 1930s · Africanspan

Padmore runs the Comintern's African section from 1927

Kouyate's newspapers, Diagne's accommodation, and a dock strike at Conakry in 1919.

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1920s to 1930s · Africanspan

Lawyers in four colonies form one West African congress

The British filed their tropical colonies as geographical units and stopped thinking about them.

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1920s to 1950s · Africanspan

Swahili gives Tanganyika a politics the size of the territory

The ANC dates from 1912, and the Tanganyikan African Association from 1929.

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1920s to 1990s · Africanspan

Britain sells its African empire as a wall against Moscow

Lenin named the colonies capitalism's weakest link, and Stalin then ignored them for twenty years.

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1920 to 1921 · Haitianspan

The women's list answers the Senate with names

Hergenee, Athelia and Cloraine Etienne, Madame Eucharice Cadichon and the rest of them.

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1920 to 1922 · Diasporaspan

Six women found a council and put Haiti first on its agenda

Theodora Holly, bilingual and resident in Haiti, ran the inquiry into conditions there.

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1920 to 1939 · Diasporaspan

Cotton falls from thirty five cents to sixteen and stays down for twenty years

American farm prices collapsed after the armistice and did not recover until the next war.

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1920s · Haitiandecade

Two priests burn and then fell the palms at Ville Bonheur

The church denied the apparitions, cut down the trees, and the crowd read what followed as revenge.

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15 January 1920 · Haitian

The cacos hit Port-au-Prince again and prisoners are shot the next day

Michel records the systematic execution of captured and wounded cacos on 16 January.

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15 January 1920 · Haitian

Three hundred cacos march on Port-au-Prince and lose the night

Survivors called it la debacle, and sixty-six of them were dead in the streets by morning.

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March 1920 · Diasporamonth known

The NAACP votes to investigate Haiti and turns a domestic body outward

Johnson argued American racism did not stop at the border, and Haiti was the proof.

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4 April 1920 · Haitian

A boko takes a marine lieutenant's head at Morne Bourougue

Heinl records the ceremony that followed and what was done afterwards with the cartridges.

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May 1920 · Haitianmonth known

Batraville dies in combat and the guerrilla war ends

Nicholls points to the papers he carried, which read the peasant war as a matter of spiritual cover.

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15 May 1920 · Haitian

The Chicago Defender prints US troops attack Haitian girls

An AME pastor in Port-au-Prince gave the paper an account of nine dead children.

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19 May 1920 · Haitian

Batraville is killed in retreat and mass surrenders follow

From late May to mid June the cacos give themselves up in numbers.

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19 May 1920 · Haitian

Batraville is shot on Morne Ti Bois Pin with Muth's binoculars

A peasant gave up the bivouac, and the caco war ended forty-five days after the ambush.

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1920 · Diasporayear only

James Weldon Johnson's articles open a literary interest in Haiti

The NAACP secretary visited, wrote a scathing series, and changed what Americans wrote about Haiti.

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1920 · Haitianyear only

The National Palace is finished while Americans run the country

The building replaced the one blown up in 1912 with President Leconte inside it.

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1920 · Haitianyear only

Sixty percent forest in 1920 and under two percent by 2000

Charcoal was the only fuel most households could buy, so the trees went into cooking fires.

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1920 · Haitianyear only

The cacos call the gendarmes worthless and then try to recruit them

General Theophil and Petit Severe went into the camps dressed in women's clothes.

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1920 · Haitianyear only

Knapp allows that three thousand Haitian men may have been killed

The admiral called the operations necessary to restore respect for human life and property.

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1920 · Haitianyear only

The same admiral says no woman or child was killed on purpose

Grace Sanders Johnson sets Knapp's testimony against the military's own casualty files.

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1920 · Diasporayear only

Haitians ask Washington for Black soldiers if it will not leave

Churchstone-Lord reported the preference to the Defender along with the reasons for it.

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1920s · Haitiandecade

In the north each great spirit takes the name of a saint

Legba as Anthony the hermit, with a black cock where the pig should be.

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8 August 1920 · Haitian

The New York Times prints a land speculator as a martyr of the marines

Letters delayed as a ruse became evidence that his mail was being suppressed.

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19 August 1920 · Diaspora

Roosevelt boasts he wrote Haiti's constitution, arming Harding

Ten days after meeting the NAACP, the Republican nominee gets the quotation he needs.

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October 1920 to February 1921 · Haitianspan

A hundred dollars the first day and a file of testimony by February

Sixty-one Union Patriotique committees, with women running the money in every one.

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October 1920 · Haitianmonth known

A former Marine commandant admits to 3,250 killings

General Barnett's acknowledgement forces an inquiry, which then clears the corps.

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14 October 1920 to 1921 · Haitianspan

Indiscriminate killings reaches page one and changes nothing

Four inquiries, one American election, and ten illegal executions established in 1922.

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1 November 1920 · Diaspora

O'Neill puts a black emperor onstage and Robeson inherits it

The Emperor Jones opens during the American occupation of Haiti and moves to Broadway the next year.

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November 1920 · Haitianmonth known

The men will go to Washington and the women will pay for it

Eugenie Malbranche-Sylvain, Alice Garoute and Therese Hudicourt set up the collection.

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November 1920 · Haitianmonth known

Two hundred women take the streets of Port-au-Prince to collect money

The archive kept the figure and lost almost every name attached to it.

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November 1920 · Haitianmonth known

Marine intelligence dismisses the march because children were in it

The surveillance reports called the children a recruiting device of the Union Patriotique.

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17 November 1920 · Haitian

Eighteen men meet in a law office and rebuild the Union Patriotique

An organisation modelled on the NAACP replaces armed resistance with coordinated political pressure.

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